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FISH (Pisces), extensive group mandible- mouth vertebrates of animals conducting all life or its(her) large part in water and breathe with the help of gills. This definition at once eliminates of fishes vertebrates, which breathe easy, i.e. whales, seals, dolphines and others water mammales. All of them besides rear the posterity by milk, and at fishes is not present neither dairy glandes, nor peculiar mammales of a hair cover. Frogs, toads, tritons and salamanders at early stages of development breathe with the help of outside gills, and then easy. These Amphibia animal (amphibians) differ from fishes also by presence at adult individuales pair extremitys, which homologous fines of fishes. Distribution. The fishes borrow(occupy) almost all water location. They meet in the polar and tropical seas, in cold mountain lakes and brookes and in hot sources temperature up to 43 Ё C. Many kinds live in the high sea, far from coast, some - on huge oceanics depths, in complete darkness. The fishes live in undergrowth of water vegetation, crevices of rocks and among stones; they can bury(go too far) in silt, sand and shingle. Some conduct a night image of life, but the majority hunts in the afternoon. Some kinds live in dark caves: they almost or are completely blind. |
The fishes meet in all large rivers, in all large lakes and are absent only in few reservoirs. The sea fishes are subdivided on coastal, океанические and deep-water forms. First live on shoales at coast, among them - herring (Clupea), mackerel (Scomber), the sea perches (Sebastodes), pomazentiones (Pomacentridae), flounder (Pleuronectes), borrachits (Salarias) etc. On a continental shelf meet halibuts (Hippoglossus) and crashes (Gadus). Neptunianes a fish live in the high seas up to depths of 90-150 m. They refer to as pelagianes. Among them such large objects sports catching, as tunny(-fish) (Thunnus), sword-fish (Xiphias), marlines (Makaira), and fine luminous anchovies (Myctophidae) and mackerel- pike (Scomberesocidae). On depths from 135 up to 540 м the set of small fishes with huge eyes and silvery colouring lives. Live batipelagicheskin kinds with fine eyes and luminous bodies, for example stomieves (Stomiatidae) and deep-water anglers (Ceratiidae) even more deeply. Colouring of these fishes basically black. deep-water a fish, in particular long- tailes (Macrouidae), all life will carry out(spend) on oceanics depths at bottom. Пресноводные a fish are distributed on all continents and large islands. Them frequently divide(share) on an accessory(belonging) to seven zoogeography to areas: 1) Not Arctic - Canada, USA and most part of Mexico; 2) Neotropicn - Central and Southern America; 3) Palearcticen - Europe and Asia to the north Himalayas and river Jnzi; 4) Indo - Malay(an) - India, Southeast Asia, island Java, Sumatra, Borneo; 5) Ethiopian - Africa; 6) Australian - Australia New Guinea and an island Malay(an) of archipelago to east from a line Wallace, taking place between islands of Borneo and Sulavesi, Bali and Lombock; 7) Madagascar. The separate areas, for example Not Arctic and Palearctichek, are very similar on ichthyological fauna - in both regions meet carps (Cyprinidae), chukuchanes (Catostomidae), perches (Percidae) and evdoshkovien (Umbridae). Precisely as haracintens (Characinidae), the catfishes - nematognatoides (Nematognathoidea) and zichlide (Cichlidae) live both in Neotropics, and in the Ethiopian areas. On structure freshwater ichthyological fauna Europe, Northern Asia and Northern America is closer to each other, than Northern and Southern America, and between Southern America and Africa is more than similarity, than between Africa and Eurasia.
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Duplication. The ways of duplication of fishes are various. Some viviparous - from a body of the mother leaves active whitebait. Others - ovipositor, i.e. throw caviar, impregnate in external environment(Wednesday). Reproduction the behaviour of some fishes is rather original. In their ways of duplication it is difficult to see a precise evolutionary sequence. Primitive on the anatomy a shark and the slopes mainly viviparous or postpone horn egg-shaped capsules. At more highly developedes the fishes in the same group can be met both viviparous, and ovipositor kinds.
Number and sizes. A fish - most numerous vertebrates. It is known ок. 40 000 their various kinds, that more than twice exceeds general(common) number of kinds mammal, birds, amphibians and reptiles taken together. As to quantity(amount) individuals, them in waters really infinite quantity(amount). Within many years of fineest of fishes the kind Heterandria formosa in length 19 mm, from a southeast part of USA was considered. However on Philippines the kind Pandaka pygmaea was found out, which name is much longer than the animal (9-11 mm). It - fineest of known vertebrates. The largest kind of catfishes - Pangasius sanitwongsei from Сиама in length 3 м, and largest freshwater a fish - north-American the white sturgeon from the rivers Colombia and Freizer in northwest of USA, which reaches(achieves) length 3,8 м and record weight of 583 kg. However has appeared beluga (Acipenser huso), caught in Volga близ of Astrakhan even more largly: its(her) length has made 4,4 м, and weight - 1022 kg. However, even these huge (flesh of) sturgeon - pygmies in comparison with the champions among sea fishes. The sharks - cannibals of length 9-12 м concede palm of superiority(championship) to two harmless kinds. One of them, huge shark (Сetorhinus maximus) from the Arctic waters, reaches(achieves) more than 12 м in length. But vastest of fishes - whale shark (Rincodon typus), широкоголовая, черноватая, with white пятнами on a back by the size about silver dollars. This giant eats plankton - fine animals and seaweed drifting with oceanics by currents. Maximal precisely registered length of such shark ок. 13,5 м, but, by approximate estimations, she(it) can make more than 21 м at weight about 68 ton.
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Colouring. The modern aquariums give good representation about magnificent colouring of set freshwaters and sea fishes. Some freshwaters kinds in a season of duplication get dazzling shine with crimson, bright yellow and dark blue spotes, and in other time are painted much more modestly. Among coral reeves some hundreds kinds of fishes competing by the colouring to the butterflies and birds live in the tropical seas. Here it is possible to meet almost all conceivable kinds of colouring: from grey and silvery up to contrast black with yellow, dark blue, red lines, rings, strips, strokes or green, yellow and purple speckles, spotes, blotes and circles surrounding a body. The pigments appropriate to black and brown shades, refer to as melanines. The bright colours provide endorsement (dis)solubles lipoids. Both types of pigments are in special crates, hromatofores, in depth of a leather(skin). Besides special reflecting granules - iridozits - give to fishes milk-white and silvery colouring. Ability hromatofores to extend and to be compressed allows fishes to change a pattern on a body, that helps to mask. The character of an environment is perceived by sight and only reflex changes a condition hromatofores. In result very much many fishes become practically imperceptible. Known examples of kinds with such patronizing colouring - fishes - clowns living in undergrowthes sargasso of seaweed, sea needles among a green grass seashore, poisonous warty (Synanceja) at the bottom of holes in coral reeves and ragmans (Phyllopteryx), reminding branchy talloms of seaweed.
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Sounds. Sounds, issued by some fishes, human ухо can clearly catch behind many meters. They differ on height and intensity. Among set "" loud-voiced " of fishes the fishes - toads and catfishes are most known slabs, drummers, ronks, back- horns. Their sounds remind grunt(ing), scream, scratch, bark(ing) and as a whole - noise of a cattle court yard. An origin of issued sounds variously. At some catfishes the movement of gas in swimming a bubble backwards - forward forces to vibrate the hardly tense membranes. Ronks a tinder the friend about the friend gullets teeth. Slabs and drummers make especially loud noise with the help of fluctuations swimming of a bubble: something is distributed like the muffled knock of a jackhammer about sidewalk. Some back- horns issue sounds, rotating fines by beams. Usually most frequently and intensively fishes use sound signals during duplication.
Luminescence. Ability to radiate cold light is widely distributed at different, groups, not connected among themselves by close relationship, of sea fishes. The luminescence is usually provided special glands, located in a leather(skin) or on certain(determined) scales. Gland consist of luminous crates, behind of which there can be a reflector, and in front - lens. The fishes are capable arbitrary "to "include" and "to switch "off" the luminescence. A site of luminous bodies variously. At the majority of deep-water fishes they are assembled by groups and numbers(lines) on sides, belly and head, reminding pearl buttons or modern, reflecting at the night light, road sectoring. The purpose(assignment) of this cold luminescence not up to the end is clear. In absolute darkness oceanics of depths, where some fishes - anglers live, it, probably, is used for attraction of fine production and individuals of an opposite floor.
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Venom. Some fishes are capable sting not less dangerously, than poisonous snakes. The action them venom is similar to a sting cobras, rattling of the snakes or bees. Most known of such fishes - slopes - tail-stake (Dasyatidae), scorpiones (Scorpaenidae), fish - toads (Batrachoididae) and draconian (Trachinidae). The catfishes, tropical percheit from Silent ocean concerning family Siganidae, some sharks (Squalus, Heterodontus) and chimeras are less poisonous. At slopes - tail- stake sting is on the top party of a tail, approximately on distance of third or half of his(its) length from the end. It reaches(achieves) 30 см in length, on each side shameful and is surrounded at the basis poisonous glands. Tail-stake meet on shoals, about sandy and oozy beaches of the warm seas, in mouth of the rivers and silent bays, and some kinds even in the rivers of Asia and Southern America for 1600 kms from the sea. Tail-stake are hidden in a soft ground. If on them to come(step), they flape by a powerful tail, on which rises poisonous sting, and it is deeply stuck in a victim, causing a penetrating pain. This adaptation serves both for protection, and for an attack. Eat tail-stake living in silt and sand invertebrates. At the majority of other poisonous fishes such glands lay along back and pectoral (fin) of thorns and at their basis. When the thorn pierce in a body of a victim, from fabrics, environmental it,(him,) is squeezed out яд and on special fillet acts in a wound. At Siganus in everyone pectoral fin two filletiets of a poisonous thorn. Are most advanced stinginge bodies at sea draconian and fishes - toads. Thorns on branchiates covers and first two back beams at them hollowe, as teeth at the poisonous snakes. The basis of such thorn is surrounded poisonous gland.
Origin of fishes. Most ancient petrifieds the rests of the present fishes are found in ordovikses adjournment. The following four periods (silur, devon, missisipion and pensilvaniens) name " as century of fishes " are there were largest and various on the Earth animals. In later geological epoch them difference riches and number have remained high, but the amphibians and reptiles, then bird, mammals and, at last, man have appeared more evolutional the advanced groups -. Most primitive of modern fishes - shark, slopes and chimeras with cartilaginouse by a skeleton. It(he) partially ossify at sturgeons, silt and some other fishes. At last there are kinds with completely stiff by a skeleton, them name bony (Teleostei).
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Classification of fishes. The fishes concern to a type chordies, where amphibians, reptiles, bird and mammals also enter. This type is differently subdivided on taxones of lower rank. The resulted(brought) below system distinguishes two it(him) under-type: without skull (Acrania), deprived of the present head department (lancetes), and skulls (Craniata), or vertebrates, to which the fishes concern also. Among last allocate some subclasses and groups.
Type Chordata (хордовые) Подтип Acrania (бесчерепные) Class Cephalochordata (головохордовые) Group Branchiostomoidea (ланцетники) Подтип Craniata (черепные) Надкласс Agnatha (бесчелюстные) Class Marsupobranchii (мешкожаберные) Group Petromyzonoidea (миноги) Class Myxini (миксины) Group Myxinoidea (миксины) Надкласс Gnathostomata (челюстнoротые) Class Elasmobranchii (пластиножаберные) Subclass Selachii (shark and slopes) Надотряд Selachoidea (shark) Group Heterodontoidea (разнозубообразные) Group Hexanchoidea (многожаберникообразные) Group Lamnoidea (ламнообразные) Group Squaloidea (катранообразные) Надотряд Hypotremata (slopes) Group Batoidea (скатообразные) Class Holocephali (цельноголовые) Group Chimaeroidea (химерообразные) Class Osteichthyes (костные a fish) Subclass Choanichthyes (хоановые) Group Dipnoidea (двоякодышащие) Group Crossopterygoidea (кистеперые) Subclass Actinopterygii (лучеперые) Надотряд Chondrosteoidea (костнохрящевые) Group Cladistioidea (многоперообразные) Group Acipenceroidea (осетрообразные) Надотряд Holostei (костные ганоиды) Group Semionotoidea (панцирникообразные) Group Amioidea (амиеобразные) Надотряд Teleostei (костистые a fish) Group Isospondyloidea (сельдеобразные, or мягкоперые) Group Esociformes (щукообразные) Group Bathyclupeoidea (deep-water сельдеобразные) Group Mormyroidea (клюворылообразные) Group Ateleopoidea (ложнодолгохвостообразные) Group Gyanturoidea (гигантурообразные) Group Lyomeroidea (мешкоротообразные) Group Ostariophysoidea (карпообразные, or костнопузырные) Group Apodoidea (угреобразные) Group Heteromoidea (спиношипообразные) Group Synbranchioidea (слитножаберникообразные) Group Synentognathoidea (сарганообразные) Group Cyprinodontoidea (карпозубообразные) Group Salmopercoidea (перкопсообразные) Group Berycomorphoidea (бериксообразные) Group Zeomorphoidea (солнечникообразные) Group Anacanthoidea (трескообразные) Group Thoracostoidea (колюшкообразные) Group Solenichthyoidea (иглообразные) Group Allotriognathoidea (опахообразные) Group Percomorphoidea (окунеобразные) Group Scleropareioidea (скорпенообразные) Group Cephalacanthoidea (долгоперообразные) Group Hypostomosoidea (пегасообразные) Group Pleuronectoidea (камбалообразные) Group Icosteoidea (тряпичникообразные) Group Chaudhurioidea (чаудхуриевообразные) Group Mastocembeloidea (хоботнорылообразные) Group Discocephalioidea (прилипалообразные) Group Plectognathoidea (скалозубообразные) Group Gobies ociformes (присоскообразные) Group Bathrachoidea (жабообразные) Group Pediculatiformes (удильщикообразные)
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Aterine-grunion (Атерина-грунион). Aterine-grunion (Leuresthes) it is possible to see in the spring and summer at southern coast of California, where on second, third and fourth night after best (сизигийного) of inflow they splash in lunar light on wide sandy beaches. As soon as the wave of a surf hits about a coast, shaking up water in white foam, and then spreads on sand, aterine direct on land. On any time these рыбки in length 15-20 см appear outside of water. Semales as though ""become" on a tail, immersing it(him) in sand and leaving 2/3 bodies outside. Around of them are twisted males. At this moment in sand on depth ок. 5 см the caviar is postponed impregnated. The following wave grasps spawning aterine-grunion and carries away them back in ocean. Under action of a surf кладка of caviar is immersed even more deeply in sand, and in the following some days the inflow recedes also she(it) it appears on a coast. Here under a sandy coverlet to caviar aterine-grunion the hot beams of the sun and predators are not terrible. In two weeks again comes sizigijne сизигийный having flown, the waves fill in a beach and release(exempt) her(it) from sand. At this moment whitebait hatch from berrys also leaves in ocean.
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The salmon and trout. All kinds salmon мечут caviar in jacks on галечниковом day cold речек or родниковых of lakes. The majority of these fishes мигрирует on нерест from the sea in fresh(stale) waters: them name as checkpoints, or анадромными. Самка, sometimes at participation самца, digs out a jack. For this purpose she(it) ложится on a side also begins to bend the tail upwards - downwards, it is a little advancing upwards on current. So she(it) some times in succession ""irons" the same place. At each wave of a tail with дна rise камешки and sand which is carried away downwards on current, will not be ready yet блюдцевидная ямка. During construction of a jack самец and самка protect the territory from encroachments on the part of other fishes. At approach(approximation) самца of the same kind and similar size the lawful owner of territory comes up to it(him) towards, can attack or simply выпроваживает of the unbidden visitor. In the latter case fishes, before разойтись, float some distance in parallel each other. Other time самец devotes to caring for самкой, which consists in easy pushing by its(her) nose and simultaneous подрагивании by all body. The fertilisation occurs, when both fishes ложатся on дно of a jack side by side by heads against current. Simultaneously вздрагивая, самец and самка выметывают caviar and milk and at once fall asleep кладку by a ground lifted with дна hardly higher on current. At all stages икрометания of action of the parents are strictly synchronized. If the man's and female sexual crates will appear in water not simultaneously, the fertilisation will not take place. Caviar набухнет at the expense of receipt in it(her) water, and in some minutes microsaw, i.e. is time, through which can penetrate сперматозоид, will be closed. The trout is capable to be made multiple copies some times in life, and тихоокеанский the salmon soon after нереста perishes.
River eel. Well coordinated and specialized репродуктивное the behaviour is peculiar to many fishes, among which and river угорь (Anguilla). European eel мигрирует on distance ок. 3220 kms through Northern Atlantic to sweep aside caviar северо-to the west Бермудских of islands in Саргассовом the sea. Нерест American угря passes approximately in the same place. Молодь of the European kind develops within two years, drifting back to coast of Europe, where comes into fresh(stale) waters. Мальки American eel reach(achieve) the rivers coming spring.
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